Frequency-based distributed load disconnect

ABSTRACT

A method, apparatus, and system for disconnecting loads from the electrical grid based on a power line frequency are disclosed. An electricity meter may monitor a power line frequency of a source power line connected to the electricity meter, and in response to determining that the power line frequency is lower than a disconnect threshold frequency, may open an internal switch and disconnect a load side output of the electricity meter from the source power line.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of electrical loadmanagement, and more specifically to methods, devices, and systems fordisconnecting and re-connecting loads through an electricity meter to anelectrical power grid based on a frequency of a power line.

BACKGROUND

A utility provider may perform load shedding by disconnecting servicesto some customers to prevent the electricity distribution system, or thegrid, from being overloaded. The utility provider may also perform loadshedding when demand for electrical power exceeds, or is expected toexceed, the available power, i.e., the demand is greater than the amountof power the generator is able to produce. During the load shedding,electricity to specific power lines, or a specific section of theelectrical grid, which provide electricity to a group of customers'homes and businesses, may be turned off while maintaining electricity tocritical services, such as hospitals, fire and police departments, andthe like.

As the electricity distribution system, i.e., the grid, becomesoverloaded, the power line frequency of the supplied power decreasesfrom the normal frequency, for example, 60 Hz, and may lead toinstability in the grid. Load shedding is a last resort to maintain theintegrity of the grid. Load shedding will cause inconvenience to thecustomers but may be necessary to prevent catastrophic grid failurewhich may lead to a longer power outage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is set forth with reference to the accompanyingfigures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numberidentifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Theuse of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similaror identical items or features.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example environment in which a frequency-baseddistributed load disconnect system may be utilized.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example environment in which a control center anda load control switch are additionally utilized in the exampleenvironment of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process for disconnecting loads from thegrid based on power line frequency.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example process for disconnecting loads in which acontrol center and a load control switch are additionally utilized.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example process for reconnecting load(s) in whichthe control center and the load control switch are additionallyutilized.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example alternative process for disconnectingloads from the grid based on the power line frequency.

FIG. 7 illustrates example environment in which groupings of premisesare associated with different disconnect threshold frequencies.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example block diagram of an electricity meter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A method, apparatus, and system for disconnecting loads from theelectrical grid based on a power line frequency are disclosed. The powerline frequency may be a voltage or current frequency of the source powerline from a utility provider that provides electricity to premisesthrough an electricity meter and is measured, or monitored, at theelectricity meter.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example environment 100 in which a frequency-baseddistributed load disconnect system may be utilized. In this example, apower line 102 from a transformer 104 is shown to be connected to aplurality of electricity meters 106, which may be smart meters, throughwhich electricity is provided to associated premises 108. Threeelectricity meters, 106A, 106B, and 106C, are shown to provideelectricity to the premises, 108A, 108B, and 108C, respectively, forpowering various electric devices in the premises 108. The electricitymeter 106 may comprise an internal switch 110 (shown in aclosed/connected position outside of the electricity meter housing forclarity) which is capable of disconnecting electricity supplied to theload side output of the electricity meter 106 which connects, andsupplies electricity, to the premises 108. In this example, thetransformer 104 is shown to be connected to a transmission tower 112 andrepresents a portion of the electrical power grid 114 which comprisespower stations, sub-stations, transmission lines, and other electricdistribution components (not shown).

Under a normal condition when the grid is not overloaded, a power linefrequency 116 stays at a normal power line frequency, for example, at 60Hz. However, as the demand for electrical power increases and begins toexceed the available power, the grid begins to be overloaded and thepower line frequency 116 begins to drop below the normal frequency. Thedemand may exceed the available power due to a number of reasons, suchas many consumers simultaneously charging Electric Vehicles and severeweather conditions in which a large number of consumers continuously useheating or cooling equipment. The demand may also exceed the availablepower if one or more power generators go offline or some transmissionlines become disconnected and fail to provide power from the generatorsto some parts of the grid. As the demand continues to increase while theavailable power remains the same, the grid becomes overloaded and thepower line frequency 116 decreases from the normal frequency of 60 Hz.Accordingly, the decrease in the power line frequency 116 from thenormal frequency of 60 Hz is an indicator of a severe grid overload,which may lead to instability in the grid 114 and cause a catastrophicgrid failure.

To maintain the integrity of the grid 114 and avoid a catastrophic gridfailure, the demand needs to be reduced, which may be accomplished byload shedding, i.e., disconnecting the service to some customers.Instead of disconnecting the service to a large area, which may comprisemultiple regions, in a single disconnect, electricity meters ofindividual premises and buildings may be utilized to accomplish the loadshedding. The electricity meter 106 may monitor the power line frequency116 of the power line 102, and when power line frequency 116 falls belowa threshold frequency, open the internal switch 110 to disconnect theload side output of the electricity meter 106 from the grid 114 anddisconnect the service to the premises 108. The electricity meter 106may disconnect the load side output of the electricity meter 106 fromthe grid 114 in response to determining that the power line frequency116 has remained lower than the threshold frequency for at least apredetermined disconnect time period (e.g., the measured voltagefrequency has been lower than the threshold voltage frequency for atleast a threshold period time).

FIG. 2 illustrates an example environment 200 in which a control center202 and a load control switch 204 are additionally utilized in theexample environment 100 of FIG. 1 .

Additionally, or alternatively, the electricity meter 106 may notify thecontrol center 202 regarding the power line frequency 116. For example,the electricity meter 106A may communicate the current frequency of thepower line frequency 116 with the control center 202. Alternatively, theelectricity meter 106A may notify the control center 202 when the powerline frequency 116 falls, and stays for the predetermined disconnecttime period, below the threshold frequency. In this example, theelectricity meter 106A is illustrated to directly communicate withcontrol center 202 wirelessly, as shown by arrow 206. However, thecommunications between the electricity meter 106A and the control center202 may be established in various ways, such as via a cellular network,Wi-Fi network, cable network, landline telephone network, the internet,and the like. In response to receiving the status of the power linefrequency 116 falling below the threshold frequency from the electricitymeter 106A, the control center 202 may send instructions to theelectricity meter 106A to open the internal switch 110A to disconnectthe electrical service to the premises 108A.

Additionally, or alternatively, the electricity meter 106 may beconnected to the premises 108 through the load control switch 204. Thecontrol center 202, in response to receiving the status of the powerline frequency 116 falling below the threshold frequency from theelectricity meter 106C as shown by arrow 208, may send instructions tothe load control switch 204, as shown by arrow 210, to control one ormore switches of the load control switch 204. For example, a firstswitch of the load control switch 204 may be connected to an HVAC systemof the premises 108C and draws the most current, a second switch theload control switch 204 may be connected to a washer and a dryer, andthe like. The instructions from the control center 202 may specify whichswitch(es) of the load control switch 204 to disconnect. Alternatively,the control center 202 may send instructions to control the load controlswitch 204 to the electricity meter 106C, and the electricity meter 106Cmay manage the switches of the load control switch 204 based on theinstructions from the control center 202.

The load control switch 204 may alternatively be an intelligent loadcontrol switch capable of monitoring the voltage frequency 116 andcontrolling one or more switches of the load control switch 204 based onthe voltage frequency 116. The intelligent load control switch may beconfigured with different disconnect and reconnect threshold frequenciesand different shut-off and reconnect test time intervals for eachcircuit that one or more switches of the intelligent load control switchcontrols. These configurations for the intelligent load control switchmay be remotely set or changed by the control center 202 anytime.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process 300 for disconnecting loads fromthe grid 114 based on the power line frequency 116.

At block 302, a power line frequency is monitored. In the example ofFIG. 1 , an electricity meter, such as the electricity meter 106, maymonitor a power line frequency 116 of a source power line 102 connectedto the electricity meter 116 where the source power line 102 is coupledto a load side output, i.e., the internal switch 110, of the electricitymeter 106 and provides electricity to the associated premises 108 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 1 . At block 304, the power linefrequency is determined. In the example of FIG. 1 , the electricitymeter 106 may determine the power line frequency 116, and may determinewhether the power line frequency 116 is lower than a disconnectthreshold frequency at block 306. As described above, a decrease in thepower line frequency 116 from the normal frequency of 60 Hz is anindicator of a severe grid overload, and the disconnect thresholdfrequency may be preset at a certain level lower than the normalfrequency, for example at 59.0 Hz. If the power line frequency 116 isdetermined to be lower than, or equal to, the disconnect thresholdfrequency at block 306, the electricity meter 106 may open the internalswitch 110 and disconnect the load side output powering the premises 108from the source power line 102, or the grid 114 at block 308. The powerline frequency 116 may be determined to be lower than, or equal to, thedisconnect threshold frequency when the power line frequency 116 hasremained lower than, or equal to, the disconnect threshold frequency fora predetermined disconnect time period, such as one second. However, ifthe power line frequency 116 remains above the disconnect thresholdfrequency, the electricity meter 106 may take no action at block 310,and the internal switch 110 may remain closed and continue providingelectricity to the premises 108.

The disconnect threshold frequency referenced above may be one of aplurality of disconnect threshold frequencies. Because a decrease in thepower line frequency 116 from the normal frequency is an indicator of asevere grid overload, an amount of the decrease in the line frequency116 may indicate the severity of the grid overload, that is, the lowerthe power line frequency 116, the more severe the grid overload. Forexample, three disconnect threshold frequencies, f1=59.3 Hz, f2=59.0 Hz,and f3=58.7 Hz, may be preselected representing relative severity of thegrid overload where f3 being the most severe and f1 being the leastsevere. Configurations for the threshold frequencies may be remotely setor changed by the control center 202 anytime, for example, thedisconnect threshold frequencies may be set to frequencies other thanthose discussed above and a number of the disconnect thresholdfrequencies, or disconnect levels, may be set to a number other thanthree as discussed above.

Different groups of premises, or loads, may then be associated withdifferent disconnect threshold frequencies such that appropriategroup(s) may be disconnected, or shed, based on the severity of the gridoverload. For example, Group 1 of premises may be associated with f1,Group 2 with f2, and Group 3 with f3 where each group comprisesappropriate number of houses, businesses, buildings, and the like. Whenthe power line frequency 116 falls and reaches f1, Group 1 may be shed.If the power line frequency 116 continues to fall after shedding Group 1and reaches f2, then Group 2 may also be shed. If the power linefrequency 116 still continues to fall and reaches f3 after sheddingGroups 1 and 2, then Group 3 may also be shed. An order of sheddingpriority may also be assigned to sub-groups within each group.

After the electricity meter 106 opens the internal switch 110 anddisconnects the load side output at block 308, the electricity meter 106may continue to monitor and determine the power line frequency 116, anddetermine whether the power line frequency 116 is higher than areconnect threshold frequency at block 312. The reconnect thresholdfrequency is higher than the disconnect threshold frequency. Forexample, if the disconnect threshold frequency were set at f2=59.0 Hz,the corresponding reconnect threshold frequency may be set at 59.2 Hz,which is higher than f2 but is lower than the next disconnect thresholdfrequency, f1=59.3 Hz. If the power line frequency 116 is determined tobe higher than the reconnect threshold frequency at block 312, theelectricity meter 106 may close the internal switch 110 and reconnectthe load side output powering the premises 108 to the source power line102, or the grid 114 at block 314. The power line frequency 116 may bedetermined to be higher than the reconnect threshold frequency when thepower line frequency 116 has remained higher than the reconnectthreshold frequency for a predetermined disconnect time period, such as60 seconds. If the power line frequency 116 remains lower than, or equalto, the reconnect threshold frequency, the electricity meter 106 maytake no action at block 316, and the internal switch 110 may remainopen.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example process detailing block 308 fordisconnecting loads in which a control center 202 and a load controlswitch 204 are additionally utilized.

Upon determining that the power line frequency 116 is lower than, orequal to, the disconnect threshold frequency at block 306, theelectricity meter 106 may notify the control center 202 that the powerline frequency 116 has fallen below the disconnect threshold frequencyat block 402 as described with reference to FIG. 2 . In response, thecontrol center 202 may send to the electricity meter 106 disconnectinstructions to disconnect the load side output from the source powerline, and at block 404, the electricity meter 106 may receive thedisconnect instructions. At block 406, the electricity meter 106 mayopen the internal switch 110 and disconnect the load side outputpowering the premises 108 from the source power line 102, or the grid114. As described with reference to FIG. 2 , the communications betweenthe electricity meter 106 and the control center 202 may be establishedin various ways, such as via a cellular network, Wi-Fi network, cablenetwork, landline telephone network, the internet, etc.

Additionally, or alternatively, the electricity meter 106 may beconnected to the premises 108 through the load control switch 204 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 2 . In response to receiving the statusof the power line frequency 116 falling below the disconnect thresholdfrequency from the electricity meter 106, the control center 202 maysend to the electricity meter 106 disconnect load control instructionsto control the load control switch 204. At block 408, the electricitymeter 106 may receive the disconnect load control instructions from thecontrol center 202, and may disconnect one or more switches of the loadcontrol switch 204 based on the disconnect load control instructionsfrom the control center 202 at block 410. For example, a first switch ofthe load control switch 204 may be connected to an HVAC system of thepremises 108 and draws the most current, a second switch the loadcontrol switch 204 may be connected to a washer and a dryer, or otherappliance(s), etc. The disconnect load control instructions from thecontrol center 202 may specify which switch(es) of the load controlswitch 204 to disconnect. Alternatively, the control center 202 may sendthe disconnect load control instructions directly to the load controlswitch 204 to disconnect one or more switches of the load control switch204.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example process detailing block 314 forreconnecting load(s) in which the control center 202 and the loadcontrol switch 204 are additionally utilized.

Upon determining that the power line frequency 116 has increased abovethe reconnect threshold frequency at block 312, the electricity meter106 may notify the control center 202 that the power line frequency 116has increased above the reconnect threshold frequency at block 502 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 2 . In response, the control center 202may send to the electricity meter 106 reconnect instructions to thesource power line, and at block 504, the electricity meter 106 mayreceive the reconnect instructions. At block 506, the electricity meter106 may close the internal switch 110 and reconnect the load side outputpowering the premises 108 to the source power line 102, or the grid 114.As described with reference to FIG. 2 , the communications between theelectricity meter 106 and the control center 202 may be established invarious ways, such as via a cellular network, Wi-Fi network, cablenetwork, landline telephone network, the internet, and the like.

Additionally, or alternatively, the electricity meter 106 may beconnected to the premises 108 through the load control switch 204 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 2 . In response to receiving the statusof the power line frequency 116 rising above the reconnect thresholdfrequency from the electricity meter 106, the control center 202 maysend to the electricity meter 106 reconnect load control instructions tocontrol the load control switch 204. At block 508, the electricity meter106 may receive the reconnect load control instructions from the controlcenter 202, and may reconnect one or more switches of the load controlswitch 204 based on the reconnect load control instructions from thecontrol center 202 at block 510. The reconnect load control instructionsfrom the control center 202 may specify which switch(es) of the loadcontrol switch 204 to reconnect. Alternatively, the control center 202may send the reconnect load control instructions directly to the loadcontrol switch 204 to reconnect one or more switches of the load controlswitch 204.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example alternative process 600 for disconnectingloads from the grid based on the power line frequency.

Upon determining that the power line frequency 116 is lower than, orequal to, the disconnect threshold frequency at block 306, theelectricity meter 106 may set a maximum output load for the electricitymeter 106 at block 602 where the maximum output load is lower than anormal output load when the power line frequency is above the disconnectthreshold frequency. At block 604, the electricity meter 106 maydetermine whether the maximum output load is exceeded. If theelectricity meter 116 determines that the maximum output load isexceeded at block 604, the electricity meter 106 may open the internalswitch 110 and disconnect the load side output powering the premises 108from the source power line 102, or the grid 114 at block 606. However,as long as the maximum output load is not exceeded at block 604, theelectricity meter 106 may maintain the internal switch 110 closed atblock 608, and the process may loop back to block 604 to continuously orperiodically determine whether the maximum output load is exceeded.

After the electricity meter 106 opens the internal switch 110 anddisconnects the load side output at block 606, the electricity meter 106may wait, at block 610, for a predetermined shut-off time interval, forexample, for 60 seconds from the time when the internal switch 110 wasopened at block 606 disconnecting the load side output from the sourcepower line 102. The electricity meter 106 may then close the internalswitch 110 for a predetermined reconnect test time interval reconnectingthe load side output to the source power line 102 at block 612, anddetermine whether the maximum load is exceeded during the predeterminedreconnect test time interval at block 614. The predetermined shut-offtime interval and the predetermined reconnect test time interval may beselected randomly from a range of time intervals to avoid all premisesfrom being disconnected or re-connected at the same time.

In response to determining that the maximum load is not exceeded duringthe predetermined reconnect test time interval at block 614, theelectricity meter 106 may keep the internal switch closed at block 608and maintain the reconnection of the load side output to the sourcepower line 102. However, if the electricity meter 106 determines thatthe maximum load is exceeded during the predetermined reconnect testtime interval, the process loops back to block 606 and the electricitymeter 106 opens the internal switch 110 and disconnects the load sideoutput. The process 600 may continue to run while the power linefrequency 116 is determined to be below the disconnect thresholdfrequency as determined in block 306, and may terminate once the powerline frequency is determined to have increased above the reconnectthreshold frequency as determined at block 312 and the electricity meter106 resets the output load to the normal output load.

FIG. 7 illustrates example environment 700 in which groupings ofpremises are associated with different disconnect threshold frequencies.

Different groups of premises, or loads, may be associated with differentdisconnect threshold frequencies as discussed above with reference toFIG. 3 such that appropriate group(s) may be disconnected, or shed,based on the severity of the grid overload. For example, threedisconnect threshold frequencies, f1=59.3 Hz, f2=59.0 Hz, and f3=58.7Hz, may be preselected representing relative severity of the gridoverload where f3 being the most severe and f1 being the least severe.Group 1 702, comprising a first 1,000 residential premises 106, may beassociated with f1, Group 2 704, comprising a second 1000 residentialpremises 106 and 100 businesses 706, may be associated with f2, andGroup 3 708, comprising a third 1000 residential premises 106 and threefactories 710, may be associated with B. When the power line frequency116 falls and reaches f1, Group 1 702 may be shed decreasing demand onthe electrical power grid 114, thereby allowing the power line frequency116 to recover towards the normal frequency of 60 Hz.

However, if the power line frequency 116 continues to fall aftershedding Group 1 702 and reaches f2, then Group 2 704 may also be shed.If the power line frequency 116 still continues to fall and reaches f3after shedding Group 1 702 and Group 2 704, then Group 3 708 may also beshed. An order of shedding priority may also be assigned to sub-groupswithin each group.

Instructions to shed may be sent from the control center 202 to theelectricity meters 106 (shown as arrow 712) or the load control switch204 (shown as arrow 714) of the premises of each Group upon the powerline frequency 116 reaching the corresponding disconnect thresholdfrequency. Alternatively, if the load control switches 204 wereintelligent load control switches, then each intelligent load controlswitch may monitor the voltage frequency 116 and disconnect specificloads within the premises upon determining that the power line frequency116 has reach the disconnect threshold frequency associated with thespecific loads the premises.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example block diagram of the electricity meter106.

The electricity meter 106 may comprise one or more processors (e.g.,processors 802) communicatively coupled to memory 804. The processors802 may include one or more central processing units (CPUs), graphicsprocessing units (GPUs), both CPUs and GPUs, or other processing unitsor components known in the art. The processors 802 may executecomputer-executable instructions stored in the memory 804 to performfunctions or operations with one or more of components communicativelycoupled to the one or more processors 802 and the memory 804 asdescribed above with reference to FIGS. 1-7 . Depending on the exactconfiguration of the electricity meter 106, the memory 804 may bevolatile, such as RAM, non-volatile, such as ROM, flash memory,miniature hard drive, memory card, and the like, or some combinationthereof. The memory 804 may store computer-executable instructions thatare executable by the processors 802.

The components of the electricity meter 106 coupled to the processors802 and the memory 804 may comprise a metrology module 806, an internalswitch 110, and a communication module 808. The metrology module 806 maybe capable of measuring voltage, current, power consumption, power linefrequency, and the like associated with the power line 102 and thepremises 108 connected to the electricity meter 106. The internal switch110 may connect and disconnect electricity from the source power line102 to the premises 108. The communication module 808 may communicatewith the control center 202 information regarding the power linefrequency 116 and the load control switch 204. As discussed above withreference to FIG. 2 , the load control switch 204 may be an intelligentload control switch capable of monitoring the voltage frequency 116 andcontrolling one or more switches of the load control switch 204 based onthe voltage frequency 116.

As discussed above, with reference to FIGS. 1-7 , the electricity meter106 may monitor a power line frequency 116 of a source power line 102connected to the electricity meter 106 using the metrology module 806.The source power line 102 may be coupled via the internal switch 110 toa load side output of the electricity meter 106 that connects to thepremises 108. Alternatively, the load control switch 204 may be placedbetween the internal switch 110 and the premises 108 as shown by dottedlines. The metrology module 806 may determine the power line frequency116, and may determine whether the power line frequency 116 is lowerthan a disconnect threshold frequency. If the metrology module 806determines that the power line frequency 116 is lower than, or equal to,the disconnect threshold frequency, for example 59.0 Hz, the electricitymeter 106 may open the internal switch 110 and disconnect the load sideoutput powering the premises 108 from the source power line 102, or thegrid 114. The metrology module 806 may determine the power linefrequency 116 to be lower than, or equal to, the disconnect thresholdfrequency when the power line frequency 116 has remained lower than, orequal to, the disconnect threshold frequency for a predetermineddisconnect time period, such as one second. However, if the power linefrequency 116 remains above the disconnect threshold frequency, theelectricity meter 106 may take no action, and the internal switch 110may remain closed and continue providing electricity to the premises108.

After the electricity meter 106 opens the internal switch 110 anddisconnects the load side output, the metrology module 806 may continueto monitor and determine the power line frequency 116, and determinewhether the power line frequency 116 is higher than a reconnectthreshold frequency as described above with reference to FIG. 3 . If themetrology module 806 determines the power line frequency 116 to behigher than the reconnect threshold frequency, the electricity meter 106may close the internal switch 110 and reconnect the load side outputpowering the premises 108 to the source power line 102, or the grid 114.If the power line frequency 116 remains lower than, or equal to, thereconnect threshold frequency, the electricity meter 106 may take noaction, and the internal switch 110 may remain open.

Additionally, or alternatively, the electricity meter 106 may notify thecontrol center 202 via the communication module 808 that the power linefrequency 116 has fallen below the disconnect threshold frequency. Inresponse, the control center 202 may send to the electricity meter 106disconnect instructions to disconnect the load side output from thesource power line, and the electricity meter 106 may receive thedisconnect instructions via the communication module 808. Based on thedisconnect instructions, the electricity meter 106 may then open theinternal switch 110 and disconnect the load side output powering thepremises 108 from the source power line 102. While the communications810 between the electricity meter 106 and the control center 202 isshown as wireless communications, the communications may be establishedin various ways, such as via a cellular network, Wi-Fi network, cablenetwork, landline telephone network, and the like.

As shown with the dotted lines, the load control switch may be placedbetween the electricity meter 116 and the premises 108. In response toreceiving the status of the power line frequency 116 falling below thedisconnect threshold frequency from the electricity meter 106, thecontrol center 202 may send to the electricity meter 106 disconnect loadcontrol instructions to control the load control switch 204. Based onthe disconnect load control instructions, the electricity meter 106 maysend instruction, as shown by arrow 812, to the load control switch 204to disconnect one or more switches of the load control switch 204. Forexample, a first switch of the load control switch 204 may be connectedto an HVAC system of the premises 108 and draws the most current, asecond switch of the load control switch 204 may be connected a washerand a dryer, and the like. The disconnect load control instructions fromthe control center 202 may specify which switch(es) of the load controlswitch 204 to disconnect. Alternatively, the control center 202 may sendthe disconnect load control instructions directly to the load controlswitch 204 to disconnect one or more switches of the load control switch204 as shown by arrow 814.

As discussed above with reference to FIG. 2 , the load control switch204 may alternatively be an intelligent load control switch capable ofmonitoring the voltage frequency 116 and controlling one or moreswitches of the load control switch 204 based on the voltage frequency116. The intelligent load control switch may be configured withdifferent disconnect and reconnect threshold frequencies and differentshut-off and reconnect test time intervals for each circuit that one ormore switches of the intelligent load control switch controls. Theseconfigurations for the intelligent load control switch may be remotelyset or changed by the control center 202 anytime.

Upon determining that the power line frequency 116 has increased abovethe reconnect threshold frequency at block 312, the electricity meter106 may notify the control center 202 via the communication module 808that the power line frequency 116 has increased above the reconnectthreshold frequency. In response, the control center 202 may send to theelectricity meter 106 reconnect instructions, and the electricity meter106 may receive the reconnect instructions via the communication module808. The electricity meter 106 may then close the internal switch 110based on the reconnect instruction.

If the electricity meter 106 were connected to the premises 108 throughthe load control switch 204, the control center 202 may send to theelectricity meter 106 reconnect load control instructions in response toreceiving the status of the power line frequency 116 rising above thereconnect threshold frequency from the electricity meter 106. Uponreceiving the reconnect load control instructions via the communicationmodule 708, the electricity meter 106 may reconnect one or more switchesof the load control switch 204 based on the reconnect load controlinstructions. The reconnect load control instructions may specify whichswitch(es) of the load control switch 204 to reconnect. Alternatively,the control center 202 may send the reconnect load control instructionsdirectly to the load control switch 204 to reconnect one or moreswitches of the load control switch 204.

Additionally, or alternatively, the electricity meter 106 may set amaximum output load for the electricity meter 106 upon determining thatthe power line frequency 116 is lower than, or equal to, the disconnectthreshold frequency. The maximum output load may be preselected to belower than a normal output load when the power line frequency is abovethe disconnect threshold frequency. When the electricity meter 106, bythe metrology module 706, determines that the maximum output load isexceeded, the electricity meter 106 may open the internal switch 110 anddisconnect the load side output powering the premises 108 from thesource power line 102. After the electricity meter 106 opens theinternal switch 110, the electricity meter 106 may wait for apredetermined shut-off time interval, for example, for 60 seconds, closethe internal switch 110 for a predetermined reconnect test timeinterval, and determine whether the maximum load is exceeded during thepredetermined reconnect test time interval. In response to determiningthat the maximum load is not exceeded during the predetermined reconnecttest time interval, the electricity meter 106 may keep the internalswitch closed and maintain the reconnection of the load side output tothe source power line 102. However, if the electricity meter 106determines that the maximum load is exceeded during the predeterminedreconnect test time interval, the electricity meter 106 opens theinternal switch 110 and disconnects the load side output.

Some or all operations of the methods described above can be performedby execution of computer-readable instructions stored on acomputer-readable storage medium, as defined below. The terms“computer-readable medium,” “computer-readable instructions,” and“computer executable instruction” as used in the description and claims,include routines, applications, application modules, program modules,programs, components, data structures, algorithms, and the like.Computer-readable and -executable instructions can be implemented onvarious system configurations, including single-processor ormultiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based,programmable consumer electronics, combinations thereof, and the like.

The computer-readable storage media may include volatile memory (such asrandom-access memory (RAM)) and/or non-volatile memory (such asread-only memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.). The computer-readablestorage media may also include additional removable storage and/ornon-removable storage including, but not limited to, flash memory,magnetic storage, optical storage, and/or tape storage that may providenon-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures,program modules, and the like.

A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is an example ofcomputer-readable media. Computer-readable media includes at least twotypes of computer-readable media, namely computer-readable storage mediaand communications media. Computer-readable storage media includesvolatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implementedin any process or technology for storage of information such ascomputer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, orother data. Computer-readable storage media includes, but is not limitedto, phase change memory (PRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM),dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), other types of random-access memory(RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmableread-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology,compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD) orother optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmissionmedium that can be used to store information for access by a computingdevice. In contrast, communication media may embody computer-readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in amodulated data signal, such as a carrier wave, or other transmissionmechanism. As defined herein, computer-readable storage media do notinclude communication media.

The computer-readable instructions stored on one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media, when executed by one or moreprocessors, may perform operations described above with reference toFIGS. 1-8 . Generally, computer-readable instructions include routines,programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like thatperform particular functions or implement particular abstract datatypes. The order in which the operations are described is not intendedto be construed as a limitation, and any number of the describedoperations can be combined in any order and/or in parallel to implementthe processes.

CONCLUSION

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather,the specific features and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms ofimplementing the claims.

1. A method performed by an electricity meter, the method comprising:monitoring a power line frequency of a source power line connected tothe electricity meter, the source power line coupled to a load sideoutput of the electricity meter; determining the power line frequency;in response to determining that the power line frequency is lower than adisconnect threshold frequency: setting a maximum output load for theelectricity meter, and disconnecting the load side output from thesource power line in response to determining that the maximum outputload is exceeded; and after a predetermined shut-off time interval froma time of disconnecting the load side output from the source power line:reconnecting the load side output to the source power line for apredetermined reconnect test time interval, determining whether themaximum output load is exceeded during the predetermined reconnect testtime interval, in response to determining that the maximum output loadis not exceeded during the predetermined reconnect test time interval,maintaining the reconnection of the load side output to the source powerline, and in response to determining that the maximum output load isexceeded during the predetermined reconnect test time interval,disconnecting the load side output from the source power line.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the disconnect threshold frequency is one ofa plurality of disconnect threshold frequencies.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein determining that the power line frequency is lower than thedisconnect threshold frequency comprises: determining that the powerline frequency has remained lower than the disconnect thresholdfrequency for a predetermined disconnect time period.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: reconnecting the load side output to thesource power line in response to determining that the power linefrequency has remained higher than a reconnect threshold frequency for apredetermined reconnect time period, the reconnect threshold frequencyhigher than the disconnect threshold frequency.
 5. The method of claim4, wherein reconnecting the load side output to the source power linecomprises: notifying a control center associated with the electricitymeter that the power line frequency has remained higher than thereconnect threshold frequency for the predetermined reconnect timeperiod; receiving reconnect instructions from the control center toreconnect the load side output to the source power line; andreconnecting the load side output to the source power line.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein in response to determining that the powerline frequency is lower than the disconnect threshold frequency,disconnecting the load side output from the source power line comprises:notifying a control center associated with the electricity meter thatthe power line frequency is lower than the disconnect thresholdfrequency; receiving disconnect instructions from the control center todisconnect the load side output from the source power line; anddisconnecting the load side output from the source power line.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein notifying the control center associated withthe electricity meter that the power line frequency is lower than thedisconnect threshold frequency comprises: notifying the control centerthat the power line frequency is lower than the disconnect thresholdfrequency in response to determining that the power line frequency hasremained lower than the disconnect threshold frequency for apredetermined disconnect time period.
 8. The method of claim 6, whereinthe disconnect instructions comprise instructions to disconnect one ormore loads from a load control switch connected to the load side outputof the electricity meter, and wherein disconnecting the load side outputfrom the source power line comprises disconnecting the one or more loadsfrom the load control switch.
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. Anelectricity meter comprising: one or more processors; and memorycommunicatively coupled to the one or more processors, the memorystoring thereon computer executable instructions that, when executed bythe one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to performoperations comprising: monitoring a power line frequency of a sourcepower line connected to the electricity meter, the source power linecoupled to a load side output of the electricity meter; determining thepower line frequency; and in response to determining that the power linefrequency is lower than a disconnect threshold frequency: setting amaximum output load for the electricity meter, and disconnecting theload side output from the source power line in response to determiningthat the maximum output load is exceeded; and after a predeterminedshut-off time interval from a time of disconnecting the load side outputfrom the source power line: reconnecting the load side output to thesource power line for a predetermined reconnect test time interval,determining whether the maximum output load is exceeded during thepredetermined reconnect test time interval; in response to determiningthat the maximum output load is not exceeded during the predeterminedreconnect test time interval, maintaining the reconnection of the loadside output to the source power line; and in response to determiningthat the maximum output load is exceeded during the predeterminedreconnect test time interval, disconnecting the load side output fromthe source power line.
 12. The electricity meter of claim 11, whereinthe operations further comprise: reconnecting the load side output tothe source power line in response to determining that the power linefrequency has remained higher than a reconnect threshold frequency for apredetermined reconnect time period, the reconnect threshold frequencyhigher than the disconnect threshold frequency.
 13. The electricitymeter of claim 12, wherein reconnecting the load side output to thesource power line comprises: notifying a control center associated withthe electricity meter that the power line frequency has remained higherthan the reconnect threshold frequency for the predetermined reconnecttime period; receiving reconnect instructions from the control center toreconnect the load side output to the source power line; andreconnecting the load side output to the source power line.
 14. Theelectricity meter of claim 11, wherein in response to determining thatthe power line frequency is lower than the disconnect thresholdfrequency, disconnecting the load side output from the source power linecomprises: notifying a control center associated with the electricitymeter that the power line frequency is lower than the disconnectthreshold frequency; receiving disconnect instructions from the controlcenter to disconnect the load side output from the source power line;and disconnecting the load side output from the source power line. 15.(canceled)
 16. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storingthereon computer executable instructions that, when executed by one ormore processors of an electricity meter, cause the one or moreprocessors to perform operations comprising: monitoring a power linefrequency of a source power line connected to the electricity meter, thesource power line coupled to a load side output of the electricitymeter; determining the power line frequency; and in response todetermining that the power line frequency is lower than a disconnectthreshold frequency: setting a maximum output load for the electricitymeter, and disconnecting the load side output from the source power linein response to determining that the maximum output load is exceeded; andafter a predetermined shut-off time interval from a time ofdisconnecting the load side output from the source power line:reconnecting the load side output to the source power line for apredetermined reconnect test time interval, determining whether themaximum output load is exceeded during the predetermined reconnect testtime interval, in response to determining that the maximum output loadis not exceeded during the predetermined reconnect test time interval,maintaining the reconnection of the load side output to the source powerline, and in response to determining that the maximum output load isexceeded during the predetermined reconnect test time interval,disconnecting the load side output from the source power line.
 17. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein theoperations further comprise: reconnecting the load side output to thesource power line in response to determining that the power linefrequency has remained higher than a reconnect threshold frequency for apredetermined reconnect time period, the reconnect threshold frequencyhigher than the disconnect threshold frequency.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein reconnecting theload side output to the source power line comprises: notifying a controlcenter associated with the electricity meter that the power linefrequency has remained higher than the reconnect threshold frequency forthe predetermined reconnect time period; receiving reconnectinstructions from the control center to reconnect the load side outputto the source power line; and reconnecting the load side output to thesource power line.
 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 16, wherein in response to determining that the powerline frequency is lower than the disconnect threshold frequency,disconnecting the load side output from the source power line comprises:notifying a control center associated with the electricity meter thatthe power line frequency is lower than the disconnect thresholdfrequency; receiving disconnect instructions from the control center todisconnect the load side output from the source power line; anddisconnecting the load side output from the source power line. 20.(canceled)
 21. The electricity meter of claim 14, wherein notifying thecontrol center associated with the electricity meter that the power linefrequency is lower than the disconnect threshold frequency is based atleast in part on determining that the power line frequency has remainedlower than the disconnect threshold frequency for a predetermineddisconnect time period.
 22. The electricity meter of claim 14, wherein:the disconnect instructions comprise instructions to disconnect one ormore loads from a load control switch connected to the load side outputof the electricity meter, and disconnecting the load side output fromthe source power line comprises disconnecting the one or more loads fromthe load control switch.
 23. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 19, wherein notifying the control centerassociated with the electricity meter that the power line frequency islower than the disconnect threshold frequency is performed based atleast in part on determining that the power line frequency has remainedlower than the disconnect threshold frequency for a predetermineddisconnect time period.
 24. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 19, wherein: the disconnect instructions compriseinstructions to disconnect one or more loads from a load control switchconnected to the load side output of the electricity meter, anddisconnecting the load side output from the source power line comprisesdisconnecting the one or more loads from the load control switch.